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However, the macroproperties of the resultant hard carbon highly depend on the resources and components of the biomass precursors. And the structure\u2013property relationship remains complicated, which brings huge challenges for subsequent research. To clarify such intrinsic correlation, this review systematically elucidates the physicochemical propert ies, multiscale mechanisms, as well as isolation approaches of the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin first, with special focus on the differential evolution behavior and its synergistic transformation mechanism of these three main components during the pyrolysis\u2010carbonization process. Then, the key regulation effects on microstructure and sodium storage performance have also been illuminate d\u00a0based on the structural evolution of these component s. 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