{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:21:29Z","timestamp":1787836889320,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S009000\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S009000\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) severely impair motor and sensory function, diminishing patient independence and quality of life. Despite decades of research, rehabilitation has prioritized motor recovery and residual function over the sensory restoration essential for embodiment, intuitive control, and natural movement. This lack of feedback drives poor prosthetic integration, high cognitive demand, and high abandonment rates. This review organizes the field along the translational pathway from injury to functional recovery: the biology of what is lost, strategies that restore the native substrate, the interfaces required when it cannot be rebuilt, and how these strategies are integrated and embodied. Approaches are compared by biological target, sensory function restored, invasiveness, clinical maturity, and limitation, emphasizing how interface properties such as modulus mismatch, charge injection capacity, and foreign body response govern long\u2010term stability and naturalness. Proprioception, the hardest and least measurable sensation to restore, is examined in depth, as are biomimetic, neuromorphic, biohybrid, and machine\u2010learning approaches toward adaptive, closed\u2010loop communication, weighed against their limits to adoption. The review closes with design principles and the challenges they face, from power and scalability to regulatory and ethical hurdles. The future lies in patient\u2010centered interfaces that let individuals not only move, but feel again.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.74815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T12:53:40Z","timestamp":1787835220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioengineered Interfaces for Peripheral Nerve Sensory Restoration"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7061-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney","family":"Swedick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cambridge Biomedical Campus University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Division Department of Engineering University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Department of Engineering University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5521-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim","family":"El Hadwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cambridge Biomedical Campus University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Division Department of Engineering University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Department of Engineering University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3809-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kesi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Houston Methodist Hospital  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Rice University  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4582-8501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George G.","family":"Malliaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Division Department of Engineering University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Department of Engineering University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0091-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano G.","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cambridge Biomedical Campus University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Division Department of Engineering University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Houston Methodist Hospital  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Rice University  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Neuroengineering Initiative Rice University  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Disorders Affecting the Nervous System, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Steinmetz J. 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