{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:58:56Z","timestamp":1790236736828,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Carrier\u2010free enzyme materials offer maximal catalytic density but are typically limited to monolithic or amorphous architectures with restricted process compatibility. Here, we introduce programmable carrier\u2010free all\u2010enzyme beads as structurally defined, porous biocatalytic particles for modular continuous\u2010flow operation. The beads are generated via droplet\u2010based self\u2010assembly of complementary enzyme building blocks, followed by cryogenic consolidation, yielding mechanically robust and monodisperse protein particles that retain full catalytic competence after drying and rehydration. Using mechanistically distinct model systems, including cofactor\u2010independent decarboxylation and metal\u2010dependent C\u2500C bond formation, we demonstrate stable long\u2010term continuous\u2010flow operation exceeding 80\u00a0h and compatibility with biphasic solvent systems at elevated substrate concentrations. Beyond single\u2010enzyme catalysis, the bead architecture accommodates binary cofactor\u2010regenerating assemblies, integrated ternary cascades with dual cofactor recycling, and modular combinations of distinct bead populations enabling sequential nucleotide phosphorylation. Notably, flow\u2010induced restructuring leads to adaptive consolidation of packed beds, enhancing effective catalytic volume without compromising mass transport. By uniting structural programmability, high catalytic density, architectural modularity, and adaptive behavior under flow, carrier\u2010free all\u2010enzyme beads bridge molecular enzyme engineering and reactor design, expanding the materials toolbox for scalable and reconfigurable continuous biocatalysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.75120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:00:32Z","timestamp":1790233232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Programmable Carrier\u2010Free All\u2010Enzyme Beads for Modular Continuous\u2010Flow Biocatalysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1300-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"K\u00fchne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Eggenstein\u2010Leopoldshafen 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