{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:02:20Z","timestamp":1790395340116,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS121219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS121219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR081062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR081062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS129738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS129738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR083489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR083489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2339748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2339748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017006","name":"Abramson Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA016520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA016520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Implantable bioelectronics for acute neural applications must combine tissue\u2010like mechanics with high electrochemical performance while enabling safe biodegradation to avoid risks associated with explant surgeries. Here, we present MXgel bioelectronics, a soft and fully transient hydrogel platform that enables high\u2010fidelity electrophysiological recordings and effective stimulation with programmable degradation under physiological conditions. The platform employs polymer\u2010free Ti\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    T\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    MXene hydrogels (MXgel) that achieve exceptional electrical conductivities (hydrated: 790 \u00b1 150 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , freeze\u2010dried: 4420 \u00b1 576 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Integrated on biodegradable gelatin\u2010based substrates, MXgel bioelectronics exhibit low electrochemical impedance (1.06 \u00b1 0.37 k\u2126 at 1\u00a0kHz), 25\u2010fold higher cathodic charge storage (207.1 \u00b1 48.8 mC cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and 10\u2010fold greater charge injection capacity (0.24 \u00b1 0.08 mC cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) than conventional clinical electrodes. We demonstrate that these properties enable cortical and peripheral neural recordings with \u223c60\u00a0dB signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio and effective neuromodulation. Moreover, MXgel bioelectronics undergo safe degradation under physiological conditions with predictable and tunable kinetics. Importantly, MXgel bioelectronics do not trigger severe foreign body reaction, and their degradation byproducts do not accumulate in the body, confirming safe systemic clearance. Together, these results establish MXgel bioelectronics as a clinically relevant platform for soft, high\u2010performance, and transient neural interfaces.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.75137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:48:16Z","timestamp":1790394496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Soft and Transient Bioelectronics Enabled by Polymer\u2010Free Ti\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    C\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    T\n                    <i>\n                      <sub>x<\/sub>\n                    <\/i>\n                    MXene Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3501-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghav","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center of Neuroengineering and Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco A.","family":"Laimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurotrauma Neurodegeneration and Restoration Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6906-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Ippolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8603-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prastuti","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer R.","family":"Averbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Neuroengineering and Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8901-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Boufidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Neuroengineering and Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotrauma Neurodegeneration and Restoration Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles\u2010Antoine","family":"Assenmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Pathology Core Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia  Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayo O.","family":"Adewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center of Neuroengineering and Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotrauma Neurodegeneration and Restoration Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9602-9170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai","family":"Panigrahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Neuroengineering and Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9805-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bita Soltan","family":"Mohammadlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Plant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4083-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4752-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yury","family":"Gogotsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Kacy","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Neuroengineering and Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotrauma Neurodegeneration and Restoration Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center of Neuroengineering and Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotrauma Neurodegeneration and Restoration Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.63","article-title":"Materials and Technologies for Soft Implantable Neuroprostheses","volume":"1","author":"Lacour S. 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