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Unlike conventional catalytic systems, thermal\u2010driven catalysis exploits temperature gradients, thermal fluctuations, or localized heating to induce charge separation, accelerate reaction kinetics, and regulate interfacial redox processes. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental mechanisms of thermoelectric catalysis, pyroelectric catalysis, and thermo\u2010enhanced catalytic reactions, with particular emphasis on the role of nanoscale heat transport and non\u2010Fourier thermal behavior in thermal energy conversion. Recent advances in material engineering strategies, including defect engineering, heterojunction engineering, phase engineering, morphology engineering, interface engineering, and emerging approaches such as entropy, spin, and single\u2010atom engineering, are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, representative biomedical applications, including photothermal and plasmonic nanomedicine, pyroelectric catalysis, thermoelectric catalysis, and thermally regulated catalytic systems, are highlighted in the contexts of antibacterial therapy, tumor treatment, biosensing, and tissue engineering. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives regarding material design, energy\u2010conversion efficiency, mechanistic understanding, and clinical translation are discussed. 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