{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:53:47Z","timestamp":1791359627976,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR\u20102429280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR\u20102429280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Polymorphism in transition\u2010metal dichalcogenides is typically defined based on the post\u2010growth phase (1T or 2H) or stabilized heterophase structures. Transient 1T\u2010to\u20102H phase evolution is demonstrated during epitaxial growth of MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and WSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). In both systems, x\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that metallic 1T character is prominent during early stages of growth when the film is comprised of small domains and declines as domains enlarge and coalesce and the films approach stoichiometric composition. At low coverage, the XPS\u2010derived ex situ 1T fractions reach \u224840% of detected Mo and \u224848% of detected W and approach zero upon coalescence in both systems. Local structural observations and complementary optoelectronic evidence further corroborate the WSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    assignment. MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010specific ReaxFF molecular\u2010dynamics simulations indicate that small domain size and chalcogen\u2010deficient edge environments reduce the energetic penalty for 1T\u2010like formation within the model, while chalcogen vacancies facilitate local rearrangement. For WSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , a multivariable growth regime with a smaller early\u2010stage 1T fraction also produces a substantially narrower final ensemble \u03a6\u2010scan width, motivating a possible path\u2010dependent influence on epitaxial development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.75272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:41:23Z","timestamp":1791358883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["1T\u2010to\u20102H Phase Evolution During Epitaxial Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8711-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Graves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2D Crystal Consortium\u2013Materials Innovation Platform Materials Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1774-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiru","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2D Crystal Consortium\u2013Materials Innovation Platform Materials Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9817-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matin Salimi","family":"Irdmusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3621-2481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadire","family":"Nayir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul Drude Institute For Solid State Electronics  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2680-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas V.","family":"Mc Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2D Crystal Consortium\u2013Materials Innovation Platform Materials Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Characterization Laboratory Materials Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3478-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri C. T.","family":"van Duin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7906-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan M.","family":"Redwing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2D Crystal Consortium\u2013Materials Innovation Platform Materials Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1573-9","article-title":"Graphene and Two\u2010Dimensional Materials for Silicon Technology","volume":"573","author":"Akinwande D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41779-5","article-title":"Process Integration and Future Outlook of 2D Transistors","volume":"14","author":"O'Brien K. 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