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Aluminum fuel cells (AFCs) have emerged as a promising alternative that integrates energy conversion with circular economy principles. This review provides a comprehensive assessment about AFCs, covering the development of key materials including Al anodes, electrolytes, and air cathodes, the electrolytes lifecycle management and the closed\u2010loop regeneration of Al from discharge by\u2010products, and the comparisons in system\u2010level with HFCs and DGs. Particular emphasis is expressed on the back\u2010end recycling of electrolytes and the conversion of Al(OH)\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    back to metallic Al using renewable electricity, thereby closing the material cycle and integrating AFCs with the primary Al industry. From this comprehensive perspective, Al metal can be elevated from a structural material to a recyclable energy carrier. A quantitative benchmarking framework against practical performance targets of anode utilization \u226599%, cathode lifetime \u22652000\u00a0h, and system\u2010level energy density \u2265500\u00a0Wh\u00a0kg\u2013\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    is proposed. Finally, key challenges and future research directions are outlined, positioning AFCs as a transformative technology for long\u2010duration energy storage, off\u2010grid power, and sustainable transportation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.75310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:17:33Z","timestamp":1791440253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aluminum Fuel Cells: Tackling Challenges and Unlocking Commercial Potentials"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Yanhui","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precious Metal Functional Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  Tianjin P. R. 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