{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:47:23Z","timestamp":1791964043912,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Rare\u2010earth permanent magnets (REPMs) are crucial for electric vehicles, wind turbines, and other high\u2010efficiency electric motor systems. However, their production is energy\u2010intensive, and global recycling rates are below 0.2%. Machining swarf is the main industrial waste from REPMs production. Despite its high rare\u2010earth elements (REEs) content (\u223c20\u00a0wt.%), it has received limited attention for sustainable recycling. We introduce hydrogen plasma reduction (HPR) as a new environmentally friendly method to recover REEs from REPM swarf. By tuning the hydrogen content and treatment time, we achieve phase separation into metallic Fe and a Nd\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010rich rare\u2010earth fraction, providing a concentrated intermediate for subsequent REPM production. The process also enables direct rare\u2010earth hydride formation, confirming the plasma\u2010assisted partial rare\u2010earth metallization in the molten state. This procedure turns REPM swarf into separated, high\u2010value, high\u2010purity feedstock in a single, acid\u2010free step. Against the \u223c70\u00a0kg CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010eq kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    footprint of conventional REPM production, this recycling route offers a pathway toward substantially lower\u2010emission magnet production while reducing reliance on primary REE supply.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.75385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:14:26Z","timestamp":1791962066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Turning Nd\u2010Fe\u2010B Swarf Into High\u2010Value Bulk Feedstocks via Sustainable Hydrogen Plasma: From Rare\u2010Earth Oxides to Metals and Hydrides"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1752-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naritai","family":"Chimed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute For Sustainable Materials  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8050-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Research Institution For Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies IWKS  Hanau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6807-0270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6mer K.","family":"B\u00fcy\u00fckuslu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute For Sustainable Materials  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"GTT\u2010Technologies  Herzogenrath Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1842-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Manoj","family":"Prabhakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute For Sustainable Materials  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Klapproth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute For Sustainable Materials  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3758-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Jovi\u010devi\u0107\u2010Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute For Sustainable Materials  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"National Institute of Chemistry  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Gassmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Research Institution For Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies IWKS  Hanau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0194-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dierk","family":"Raabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute For Sustainable Materials  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9348-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim M.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute For Sustainable Materials  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2783-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matic","family":"Jovi\u010devi\u0107\u2010Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute For Sustainable Materials  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"National Institute of Chemistry  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201008855\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"R.Gau\u00df C.Burkhardt F.Carencotte et\u00a0al. \u201cRare Earth Magnets and Motors: A European Call for Action. A Report by the Rare Earth Magnets and Motors Cluster of the European Raw Materials Alliance \u201d (European Raw Materials Alliance 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837\u2010021\u201005045\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Not so \u201cGreen\u201d Technology: The Complicated Legacy of Rare Earth Mining","volume":"12","author":"Jaya N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harvard International Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2018.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44296\u2010024\u201000041\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201059468\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/f262b91c-en","volume-title":"The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions","author":"International Energy Agency","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c00299"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201002180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2022.105855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2023.171475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2022.12.013","article-title":"Highly Efficient and Precise Rare\u2010Earth Elements Separation and Recycling Process in Molten Salt","volume":"45","author":"Hua H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b01707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c05965"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2024.100884"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jre.2024.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2016.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s42461-021-00386-y","article-title":"A Review of Recent Advances in Pyrometallurgical Process Measurement and Modeling, and Their Applications to Process Improvement","volume":"38","author":"Laputka M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201200337"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2021.168979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.178104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jre.2023.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2005.04.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831\u2010016\u20100090\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.43.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11085\u2010026\u201010446\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945\u20107111\/ac6075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831\u2010017\u20100120\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.114751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jre.2018.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.201500070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201006901\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2015.03.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853\u2010019\u201003608\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2023.112482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663\u2010016\u20100748\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met12030390"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.01.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201901206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5088(71)90078-6","article-title":"Neodymium\u2010Neodymium Hydride Phase System","volume":"23","author":"Peterson D. 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