{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:41:34Z","timestamp":1792669294898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001352","name":"National University of Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\u20104974\u2010A0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\u20104974\u2010A0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004147","name":"Tsinghua University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024Z02ORD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z02ORD001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2425003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2425003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52272277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52272277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neuromodulation provides a means to perturb neural activity for investigating nervous system function and treating neurological disorders. Advances in stimulation strategies, molecular tools, functional materials and neural interfaces have progressively expanded the precision and versatility of such interventions. Yet neural activity can require regulation in opposing directions across different cellular, circuit and pathological states, motivating bidirectional neuromodulation that can both enhance and suppress neural activity. In this review, we examine the mechanisms and technologies that enable such bidirectional control across electrical, optical, thermal, mechanical, magnetic and chemical modalities. We compare these approaches in terms of spatiotemporal performance, penetration depth, specificity and safety, and examine the materials, transduction strategies and device architectures used to implement bidirectional neural control. We further discuss the applications of bidirectional neuromodulation in neuroscience research and the treatment of neurological disorders. Finally, we discuss the technical challenges and future directions toward more precise, independent and integrated bidirectional control, including its extension to closed\u2010loop adaptive regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.75480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:04:48Z","timestamp":1792667088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineering Bidirectional Neuromodulation: A Review of Neural Excitation and Inhibition Technologies"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0987-1310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute For Health Innovation and Technology Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) The N.1 Institute for Health National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Institute for Precision Medicine State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0623-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute For Health Innovation and Technology Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) The N.1 Institute for Health National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8744-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Institute for Precision Medicine State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","author":"Siegelbaum S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583\u2010023\u201000752\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2010.00047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1376762"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010023\u201002193\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2947"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010023\u201002565\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202413817"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1248"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811013115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2008.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896\u20106273(00)00133\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70703"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg7285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404164121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201028539\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102552\/acd870"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010020\u20100495\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010023\u201001029\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103681"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c07150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Brocker D. T.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201007233\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010018\u20100128\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a005710"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.103006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01172.2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010024\u201006359\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201006421\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08652"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100511\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90327.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827\u2010012\u20100431\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2020.00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2376"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.3001242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201024759\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2419178122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010024\u201002285\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202051866"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201005385\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.593027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102552\/ac9339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010biophys\u2010112221\u2010074832"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010024\u201001830\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2009.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.5.442"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl8532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149\u20107634(95)00080\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.873165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201018139\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202516370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010023\u201000022\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.003211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.383165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2017.1344801"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb\u20102011\u201012\u20103\u2010218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010022\u201000862\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.02.011.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.1018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00787"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.4c00074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.46.2.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565\u2010024\u201001609\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1942293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534\u2010016\u20100007\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2018.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302404"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.749162"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202012672"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201028205\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395\u2010025\u201001130\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006980118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b00935"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220575120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010neuro\u2010070918\u2010050241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201010638\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261821"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565\u2010024\u201001798\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565\u2010019\u20100521\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586\u2010022\u201000170\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR06303K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.45807"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010024\u201002616\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.573183"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565\u2010024\u201001694\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2021.101187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010022\u201001281\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17183"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434\u2010015\u20100902\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2017.00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1717\u201023.2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/183611a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2261222a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2024.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00256"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867311320100005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604231113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378\u2010024\u201000685\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1689\u201016.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220358110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586\u2010023\u201000276\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201005489\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010022\u201001076\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1430"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59717\/j.xinn\u2010life.2025.100150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abp9169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1666\u201022.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586\u2010022\u201000136\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010021\u201000829\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165\u20100270(95)00131\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.108561"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202522077"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010023\u201001070\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010022\u201000873\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp9150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2001.4035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578\u2010021\u201000394\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1479892"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102560\/13\/2\/021001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010025\u201002097\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026567300285439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573\u2010024\u201000942\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010bioeng\u2010071813\u2010104733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1085\u20109489.2005.10303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2021.782883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2014.00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201035314\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010025\u201001579\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202416771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3630"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010022\u201000931\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010023\u201002020\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378\u2010018\u20100009\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202110590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928\u2010023\u201001013\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR00009E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201024717\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b07747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202506770"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202420447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202008809"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202210018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.06.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2026.101368"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.06.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102560\/9\/4\/046009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2318837121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583\u2010019\u20100253\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.629503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.498644"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578\u2010025\u201000798\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7lc00103g"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010025\u201001501\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_232_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201009481\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202408154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq9207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928\u2010024\u201001243\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928\u2010024\u201001240\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100823\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_238_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010026\u201003220\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_239_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adc9998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_240_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201058156\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_241_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201008401\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_242_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010025\u201002809\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_243_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010022\u201000965\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_244_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq1144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_245_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2021.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_246_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202201129"}],"container-title":["Advanced Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adma.75480","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/adma.75480","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/adma.75480","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:04:51Z","timestamp":1792667091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/adma.75480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":245,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/adma.75480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.75480","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0935-9648","1521-4095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0935-9648","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e75480"}}