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This Review establishes a state\u2010centered framework that treats electrochemical operation as the writing, observation, reconstruction, and design of multidimensional, history\u2010dependent state trajectories. A problem\u2010specific minimal sufficient state basis is introduced to distinguish essential from redundant coordinates, while waveform history and spatial heterogeneity define when lumped descriptions remain valid. Optical, electrical, ion\u2010specific, gravimetric, structural, mechanical, and temporal readouts are analyzed as selective projections whose complementarity determines state observability and hidden\u2010state reconstruction. Within this framework, congruence, kinetic ordering, decoupling, observational degeneracy, and mapping drift become experimentally testable relationships rather than isolated phenomena. Electrochromics, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), electrochemical memories, actuators, reconfigurable systems, and energy\u2010storage and conversion devices are then recast as technologies that select different trajectories through a shared electrochemical\u2010state landscape. The framework ultimately connects molecular structure, electrolyte, morphology, device architecture, and driving protocol to the inverse design of observable, controllable, reversible, and durable electrochemical trajectories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.75483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:22:07Z","timestamp":1792812127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond State of Charge: Electrochemical States and Trajectory Design in Organic Mixed Conductors"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1791-2578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyuan","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Multi\u2010Dimensional Optoelectronic Materials Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Peking University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2887-735X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaowu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Multi\u2010Dimensional Optoelectronic Materials Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Peking University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province Shantou University  Shantou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Multi\u2010Dimensional Optoelectronic Materials Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Peking University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010019\u20100435\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.86","article-title":"Organic Electrochemical Transistors","volume":"3","author":"Rivnay J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578\u2010021\u201000314\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202110406"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00597"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578\u2010024\u201000652\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00920J"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.171341"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c09041"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010023\u201001601\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9699","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c02476","article-title":"Mass and Charge Transport Kinetics in an Organic Mixed Ionic\u2013Electronic Conductor","volume":"34","author":"Wu R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemistry of Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010024\u201001953\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010024\u201002016\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-025-02478-2","article-title":"Cation\u2010Polymer Interactions Drive Water Expulsion and Deswelling in n\u2010type Ladder Organic Mixed Conductors","volume":"25","author":"Pol T. 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