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Current techniques for ultrasensitive protein detection, such as enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and electrochemical sensing, involve long incubation times (1.5\u20133 h) and rely on single\u2010use sensing electrodes which can be costly and generate excessive waste. This work demonstrates a reusable electrochemical immunosensor employing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and dually labeled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for ultrasensitive measurements of protein biomarkers. As proof of concept, this platform is used to detect C\u2010X\u2010C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9), a biomarker associated with kidney transplant rejection, immune nephritis from checkpoint inhibitor therapy, and drug\u2010associated acute interstitial nephritis, in human urine. The sensor successfully detects CXCL9 at concentrations as low as 27 pg\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> within \u22481 h. This immunosensor was also adapted onto a handheld smartphone\u2010based diagnostic device and used for measurements of CXCL9, which exhibited a lower limit of detection of 65 pg\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Lastly, this work demonstrates that the sensing electrodes can be reused for at least 100 measurements with a negligible loss in analytical performance, reducing the costs and waste associated with electrochemical sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202400004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T05:03:56Z","timestamp":1713762236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Highly Reusable Electrochemical Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-4545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavya L.","family":"Singampalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Rice University  Houston TX 77030 USA"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program Baylor College of Medicine  Houston TX 77030 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