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However, the long\u2010term stability of MAPbI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based solar cells has yet to be achieved. Besides the well\u2010known chemical and thermal instabilities, significant native ion migration in lead halide perovskites leads to current\u2013voltage hysteresis and photoinduced phase segregation. Recently, it is further revealed that, despite having excellent chemical stability, the Au electrode can cause serious solar cell degradation due to Au diffusion into MAPbI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . In addition to Au, many other metals have been used as electrodes in MAPbI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    solar cells. However, how the external metal impurities introduced by electrodes affect the long\u2010term stability of MAPbI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    solar cells has rarely been studied. A comprehensive study of formation energetics and diffusion dynamics of a number of noble and transition metal impurities (Au, Ag, Cu, Cr, Mo, W, Co, Ni, Pd) in MAPbI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    based on first\u2010principles calculations is reported herein. The results uncover important general trends of impurity formation and diffusion in MAPbI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and provide useful guidance for identifying the optimal metal electrodes that do not introduce electrically active impurity defects in MAPbI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    while having low resistivities and suitable work functions for carrier extraction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201700662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T03:22:50Z","timestamp":1514344970000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":185,"title":["Formation and Diffusion of Metal Impurities in Perovskite Solar Cell Material CH\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    NH\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    PbI\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    : Implications on Solar Cell Degradation and Choice of Electrode"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Wenmei","family":"Ming","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory  Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University  Changchun 130012 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianshu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University  Changchun 130012 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University  Changchun 130012 China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials Jilin University  Changchun 130012 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8796-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mao\u2010Hua","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory  Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.134"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201502294"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201500324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/assets\/images\/efficiency\u2010chart.png (accessed: 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