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Treatment usually consists of chemotherapeutics, which may be ineffective due to drug resistance, adverse effects, and dose\u2010limiting toxicity. Therefore, novel approaches such as immunotherapy have been investigated to improve patient outcomes and minimize side effects. S100A9 is a calcium\u2010binding protein implicated in tumor metastasis, progression, and aggressiveness that modulates the tumor microenvironment into an immunosuppressive state. S100A9 is expressed in and secreted by immune cells in the pre\u2010metastatic niche, as well as, post\u2010tumor development, therefore making it a suitable targeted for prophylaxis and therapy. In previous work, it is demonstrated that cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) acts as an adjuvant when administered intratumorally. Here, it is demonstrated that systemically administered, S100A9\u2010targeted CPMV homes to the lungs leading to recruitment of innate immune cells. This approach is efficacious both prophylactically and therapeutically against lung metastasis from melanoma and breast cancer. The current research will facilitate and accelerate the development of next\u2010generation targeted immunotherapies administered as prophylaxis, that is, after surgery of a primary breast tumor to prevent outgrowth of metastasis, as well as, therapy to treat established metastatic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T04:07:14Z","timestamp":1631592434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["S100A9\u2010Targeted Cowpea Mosaic Virus as a Prophylactic and Therapeutic Immunotherapy against Metastatic Breast Cancer and Melanoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Hun","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California  La Jolla San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jooneon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California  La Jolla San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California  La Jolla San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0130-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole F.","family":"Steinmetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California  La Jolla San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California  La Jolla San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California  La Jolla San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Institute for Materials Discovery and Design University of California  La Jolla San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Center for Nano\u2010ImmunoEngineering University of California  La Jolla San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S134842"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"572","volume":"7","author":"Sandru A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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