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Peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) generally suffer from a tradeoff between selectivity and invasiveness. This work describes the fabrication, evaluation, and chronic implantation in zebra finches of a novel PNI that breaks this tradeoff by interfacing with small nerves. This PNI integrates a soft, stretchable microelectrode array with a 2\u2010photon 3D printed microclip (\u03bccPNI). The advantages of this \u03bccPNI compared to other designs are: a) increased spatial resolution due to bi\u2010layer wiring of the electrode leads, b) reduced mismatch in biomechanical properties with the nerve, c) reduced disturbance to the host tissue due to the small size, d) elimination of sutures or adhesives, e) high circumferential contact with small nerves, f) functionality under considerable strain, and g) graded neuromodulation in a low\u2010threshold stimulation regime. Results demonstrate that the \u03bccPNIs are electromechanically robust, and are capable of reliably recording and stimulating neural activity in vivo in small nerves. The \u03bccPNI may also inform the development of new optical, thermal, ultrasonic, or chemical PNIs as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T02:45:50Z","timestamp":1637981150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Microclip Peripheral Nerve Interface (\u03bccPNI) for Bioelectronic Interfacing with Small Nerves"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cami C.","family":"Rowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BMSEED LLC  Phoenix AZ 85034 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4204-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Graudejus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMSEED LLC  Phoenix AZ 85034 USA"},{"name":"School of Molecular Sciences Arizona State University  Tempe AZ 85281 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8259-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Otchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Boston University  Boston MA 02215 USA"},{"name":"Neurophotonics Center Boston University  Boston MA 02215 USA"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience Boston University  Boston MA 02215 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006820"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume":"3","author":"Andersson U.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebrum"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4351"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15424\/bioelectronmed.2015.00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2014.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000434674"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1079026814Z.000000000273"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381069a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/496159a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/511018a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010017\u20100049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(98)90025-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abfebb"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46967-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18032-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-008-4623-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"212","volume":"14","author":"Hiebl B.","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACP, Appl. 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