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However, during intravital optical imaging of brain, conventional cranial windows requiring skull thinning or removal disrupt brain immunity integrity. Here, a novel long\u2010term clearing cranial window (LCCW) based on the intact skull, dedicated to chronic skull transparency maintenance, is proposed. It significantly improves optical imaging resolution and depth, by which the cortical and calvarial vascular injury and regeneration processes after ischemic injury are longitudinally monitored in awake mice. Results show that calvarial blood vessels recover earlier than the cortex. And the transcriptome analysis reveals that gene expression patterns and immune cells abundances exist substantial differences between brain and skull after ischemic injury, which may be one of the causes for the time lag between their vascular recovery. These findings bring great enlightenment to vascular regeneration and reconstruction. Moreover, LCCW provides a minimally invasive approach for imaging the brain and skull bone marrow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202105893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T04:56:02Z","timestamp":1649480162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Long\u2010Term Clearing Cranial Window for Longitudinal Imaging of Cortical and Calvarial Ischemic Injury through the Intact Skull"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang  Zhanjiang Guangdong 524045 China"},{"name":"Zhanjiang Central Hospital Guangdong Medical University  Zhanjiang Guangdong 524045 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational and Genomic Medicine The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6360-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang  Zhanjiang Guangdong 524045 China"},{"name":"Zhanjiang Central Hospital Guangdong Medical University  Zhanjiang Guangdong 524045 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.598763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2020.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0213-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf7844"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf9277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00652-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17743877"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.673740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01279-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.408329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.222"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.91208.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2017.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.23686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/intv.29728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Tissue Optical Clearing: New Prospects in Optical Imaging","author":"Tuchin V. 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