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Human cRBCs can be generated from the terminal differentiation of proliferating erythroblasts derived from hematopoietic stem\/progenitor cells or erythroid precursors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Efficient differentiation and maturation into cRBCs highly depend on replenishing human plasma, which exhibits variable potency across donors or batches and complicates the consistent cRBC production required for clinical translation. Hence, the role of human plasma in erythroblast terminal maturation is investigated and uncovered that 1) a newly developed cell culture basal medium mimicking the metabolic profile of human plasma enhances cell growth and increases cRBC yield upon erythroblast terminal differentiation and 2) LDL\u2010carried cholesterol, as a substitute for human plasma, is sufficient to support erythroid survival and terminal differentiation ex vivo. Consequently, a chemically\u2010defined optimized medium (COM) is developed, enabling robust generation of cRBCs from erythroblasts of multiple origins, with improved enucleation efficiency and higher reticulocyte yield, without the need for supplementing human plasma or serum. In addition, the results reveal the crucial role of lipid metabolism during human terminal erythropoiesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202303471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T01:45:00Z","timestamp":1710380700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Optimized Human Erythroblast Differentiation System Reveals Cholesterol\u2010Dependency of Robust Production of Cultured Red Blood Cells Ex Vivo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Enyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui 230001 China"},{"name":"Blood and Cell Therapy Institute Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and Applications University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei 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