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This offers a minimally invasive therapy but re\u2010occlusion through restenosis or thrombosis formation often occurs post\u2010deployment. Research is ongoing into the creation of smart stents that can detect the occurrence of further problems. In this study, it is shown that selectively metalizing a non\u2010conductive stent can create a set of electrodes that are capable of detecting a build\u2010up of material around the stent. The associated increase in electrical impedance across the electrodes is measured, testing the stent with blood clot to mimic thrombosis. It is shown that the device is capable of sensing different amounts of occlusion. The stent can reproducibly sense the presence of clot showing a 16% +\/\u22123% increase in impedance which is sufficient to reliably detect the clot when surrounded by explanted aorta (one sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.009, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9). It is demonstrated that this approach can be extended beyond the 3D printed prototypes by showing that it can be applied to a commercially available stent and it is believed that it can be further utilized by other types of medical implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T21:29:02Z","timestamp":1707686942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of Blood Clots Using a Whole Stent as an Active Implantable Biosensor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5562-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmut Talha","family":"Kirimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics James Watt School of Engineering University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4318-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Hoare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences\/British Heart Foundation University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Holsgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioElectronics Unit College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakup","family":"Czyzewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioElectronics Unit College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nosrat","family":"Mirzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioElectronics Unit College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences\/British Heart Foundation University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4588-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve L.","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics James Watt School of Engineering University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0106-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312578"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.05.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2018.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12339-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104650"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytab173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00450-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.957332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301074"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.007822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7060126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.11.258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"286","author":"Jinnouchi H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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