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Degeneration of these connective tissues occurs during the progression of knee osteoarthritis, which affects their composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties. A deeper understanding of disease progression can be obtained by studying them simultaneously. Time\u2010resolved synchrotron\u2010based X\u2010ray phase\u2010contrast tomography (SR\u2010PhC\u2010\u00b5CT) allows to capture the tissue dynamics. This proof\u2010of\u2010concept study presents a rheometer setup for simultaneous in situ unconfined compression and SR\u2010PhC\u2010\u00b5CT of connective knee tissues. The microstructural response of bovine cartilage (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 16) and meniscus (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4) samples under axial continuously increased strain, or two steps of 15% strain (stress\u2013relaxation) is studied. The chondrocyte distribution in cartilage and the collagen fiber orientation in the meniscus are assessed. Variations in chondrocyte density reveal an increase in the top 40% of the sample during loading, compared to the lower half. Meniscus collagen fibers reorient perpendicular to the loading direction during compression and partially redisperse during relaxation. Radiation damage, image repeatability, and image quality assessments show little to no effects on the results. In conclusion, this approach is highly promising for future studies of human knee tissues to understand their microstructure, mechanical response, and progression in degenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T15:05:30Z","timestamp":1711206330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["In Situ Loading and Time\u2010Resolved Synchrotron\u2010Based Phase Contrast Tomography for the Mechanical Investigation of Connective Knee Tissues: A Proof\u2010of\u2010Concept Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hector","family":"Dejea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Lund University  Box 118 Lund 221 00 Sweden"},{"name":"MAX IV Laboratory Lund University  Lund 224 84 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pierantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Lund University  Box 118 Lund 221 00 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo A.","family":"Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Lund University  Box 118 Lund 221 00 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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