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To address this issue, mouse and human neural pathways are generated by utilizing a carbon nanotube nanofiber system. The super\u2010aligned pattern of the scaffold renders the axons of the bipolar and multipolar neurons extending in a parallel direction. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the scaffold maintains the electrophysiological activity of the primary mouse auditory neurons. The mouse and human primary neurons from peripheral and central auditory units in the system are then co\u2010cultured and showed that the two kinds of neurons form synaptic connections. Moreover, neural progenitor cells of the cochlea and auditory cortex are derived from human embryos to generate region\u2010specific organoids and these organoids are assembled in the nanofiber\u2010combined 3D system. Using optogenetic stimulation, calcium imaging, and electrophysiological recording, it is revealed that functional synaptic connections are formed between peripheral neurons and central neurons, as evidenced by calcium spiking and postsynaptic currents. The auditory circuit model will enable the study of the auditory neural pathway and advance the search for treatment strategies for disorders of neuronal connectivity in sensorineural hearing loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T14:33:56Z","timestamp":1718721236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integration of Functional Human Auditory Neural Circuits Based on a 3D Carbon Nanotube System"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yiyun","family":"Lou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye &amp; ENT Hospital State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science Fudan University  Shanghai 200031 China"},{"name":"Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University  Shanghai 200032 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