{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:28:21Z","timestamp":1791584901083,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Gallium liquid metal is one of the promising phase change materials for passive thermal management of electronics due to their high thermal conductivity and latent heat per volume. However, it suffers from severe supercooling, in which molten gallium does not return to solid due to the lack of nucleation. It may require 28.2 \u00b0C lower temperature than the original freezing point to address supercooling, leading to unstable thermal regulation performance along fluctuations of cooling condition. Here, gallium is infused into porous copper in an oxide\u2010free environment, forming intermetallic compound impurities at the interfaces to reduce the activation energy for heterogeneous nucleation. The porous\u2010shaped gallium provides \u224863% smaller supercooling than that of the bulk type due to large specific surface area (\u22489,070 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    per cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and high wetting characteristics (\u224816\u00b0 of contact angle) on CuGa\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    intermetallic layer. During repetitive heating\u2010cooling cycles, porous\u2010shaped gallium consistently shows propagation of crystallization at even near room temperature (\u224825 \u00b0C) while maintaining stable performance as thermal buffer, whereas droplet\u2010shaped gallium is gradually degraded due to partial\u2010supercooled state. The findings will improve the responsive thermal regulation performance to relieve a rapid increase in temperature of semiconductors\/batteries, and also have a potential for energy storage applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202310185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T07:59:15Z","timestamp":1713427155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Sustainable Thermal Regulation of Electronics via Mitigated Supercooling of Porous Gallium\u2010Based Phase Change Materials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7017-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seokkan","family":"Ki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon 34\u00a0141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongjong","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon 34\u00a0141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Kyung Hee University  Yongin 17\u00a0104 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soosik","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon 34\u00a0141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongwhi","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Kyung Hee University  Yongin 17\u00a0104 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngsuk","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon 34\u00a0141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume":"33","author":"Liu Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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