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However, the existence of cells expressing GFR\u03b11 but not RET raises the possibility that GFR\u03b11 can function independently from RET. Here, it is shown that GFR\u03b11 released from repair Schwann cells (RSCs) functions as a ligand in a GDNF\u2010RET\u2010independent manner to promote axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Local administration of GFR\u03b11 into injured nerve promoted axon regeneration, even more when combined with GDNF blockade. GFR\u03b11 bound to a receptor complex consisting of NCAM and integrin \u03b17\u03b21 of dorsal root ganglion neurons in a GDNF\u2010RET independent manner. This is further confirmed by the Ret Y1062F knock\u2010in mice, which cannot transmit most of GDNF\u2010RET signaling. Finally, local administration of GFR\u03b11 into injured sciatic nerve promoted functional recovery. 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