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Specifically, the mainstream viewpoint is that the defects are detrimental to photocatalytic performance, while some recent studies show that certain types of defects contribute to photoactivity enhancement. However, a systematic summary of why it is contradictory and how the defects in MHPs affect photocatalytic performance is still lacking. In this review, the innovative roles of defects in MHP photocatalysts are highlighted. First, the origins of defects in MHPs are elaborated, followed by clarifying certain benefits of defects in photocatalysts including optical absorption, charge dynamics, and surface reaction. Afterward, the recent progress on defect\u2010related MHP photocatalysis, i.e., CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> reduction, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> generation, pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis is systematically discussed and critically appraised, putting emphasis on their beneficial effects. With defects offering peculiar sets of merits and demerits, the personal opinion on the ongoing challenges is concluded and outlining potentially promising opportunities for engineering defects on MHP photocatalysts. This critical review is anticipated to offer a better understanding of the MHP defects and spur some inspiration for designing efficient MHP photocatalysts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202402471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T06:19:13Z","timestamp":1717395553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Defects of Metal Halide Perovskites in Photocatalytic Energy Conversion: Friend or Foe?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7763-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhirun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering KU Leuven  Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Leuven 3001 Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hangzhou Dianzi University  Hangzhou 310018 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K. 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