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However, clinically used immunosuppressive anti\u2010inflammatory drugs will usually disturb immune homeostasis and conversely increase the risk of infections. Regulating the balance between anti\u2010inflammation and anti\u2010infection is thus critical in treating certain infectious diseases. Herein, considering that hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and neutrophils are upregulated in the inflammatory microenvironment and closely related to the severity of appendectomy patients, an inflammatory\u2010microenvironment\u2010responsive nanomedicine is designed by using poly(lactic\u2010co\u2010glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles to load chlorine E6 (Ce6), a photosensitizer, and luminal (Lum), a chemiluminescent agent. The obtained Lum\/Ce6@PLGA nanoparticles, being non\u2010toxic within normal physiological environment, can generate cytotoxic single oxygen via bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) in the inflammatory microenvironment with upregulated H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and MPO, simultaneously killing pathogens and excessive inflammatory immune cells in the lesion, without disturbing immune homeostasis. As evidenced in various clinically relevant bacterial infection models and virus\u2010induced pneumonia, Lum\/Ce6@PLGA nanoparticles appeared to be rather effective in controlling both infection and inflammation, resulting in significantly improved animal survival. Therefore, the BRET\u2010based nanoparticles by simultaneously controlling infections and inflammation may be promising nano\u2010therapeutics for treatment of severe infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T08:19:59Z","timestamp":1725351599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Simultaneously Controlling Inflammation and Infection by Smart Nanomedicine Responding to the Inflammatory Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xinjing","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Soochow University Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Soochow University Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Soochow University Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hairong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Soochow University Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Soochow University Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengrong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Soochow University Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiting","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Soochow University Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Soochow University Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Soochow University Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1629-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional Nano &amp; 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