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Depending on the organ, multiple factors regulate the formation of TLS. However, the role of TLS in immune response and the molecules that drive its formation remain uncertain. The dental pulp, includes a few immune cells surrounded by rigid mineralized tissue, and opens to the outside through the apical foramen. Owing to this special organization, the dental pulp generates a directional immune response to bacterial infection. Considering this aspect, the dental pulp is an ideal model for comprehensively studying the TLS. In the present study, single\u2010cell RNA sequencing of healthy and inflamed human dental pulp reveals known markers of TLS, including C\u2010C motif chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19), lysosome\u2010associated membrane glycoprotein 3 (LAMP3), CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), and CD86, present in inflamed dental pulp. Compared with the healthy pulp, types and proportions of immune cells increase, along with enhanced cellular communication. Multiple immunofluorescence staining reveals that typical TLS emerges in dental pulp with pulpitis, consistent with the high expression of CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), which may be a key driver of TLS formation. Moreover, TLS is also observed in a mouse model of pulpitis. These findings collectively offer insights into the formation and function of TLS in response to infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T07:40:45Z","timestamp":1730101245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tertiary Lymphoid Structure in Dental Pulp: The Role in Combating Bacterial Infections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology School &amp; Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan 430079 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; 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