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In <jats:italic>Bactrocera dorsalis<\/jats:italic>, sex pheromones trimethylpyrazine (TMP) and tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP) are specifically synthesized by <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> strains in the male rectum. In the female rectum, <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> strains are found, but TMP and TTMP are not, indicating sexually dimorphic differences in sex pheromone synthesis. Our anatomical observations and precursor measurements revealed significant differences in rectal structure and ammonium levels between sexes. \u00a0In vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that ammonium is vital for sex pheromone synthesis in rectal <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> strains. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified ammonium\u2010producing genes (carboxypeptidase B and peptide transporter) in the protein digestion pathway that show much higher expression in the male rectum than in the female rectum. Knocking down the expression of either carboxypeptidase B (or inhibiting enzyme activity) or peptide transporter decreases rectal ammonium levels significantly, resulting in the failure of sex pheromone synthesis in the male rectum. This study provides insights into the presence of sexual dimorphism in internal organs and their functionalities in male\u2010specific sex pheromone synthesis and has significant implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying sex pheromone synthesis by symbionts in insects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T12:21:16Z","timestamp":1728390076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Sexual Dimorphism in Rectum and Protein Digestion Pathway Influence Sex Pheromone Synthesis in Male <i>Bactrocera Dorsalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4263-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingxiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou 510640 China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region Shaoguan University  Shaoguan 512005 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou 510640 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijie","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou 510640 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou 510640 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunsheng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region Shaoguan University  Shaoguan 512005 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongyue","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou 510640 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0918-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daifeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou 510640 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120709-144828"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2021.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12786"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12959"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"1426","volume":"284","author":"Scherberich J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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