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However, how astrocytes govern a specific sleep\u2010arousal circuit remains unknown. Here, the authors show that parafacial zone (PZ) astrocytes responded to sleep\u2010wake cycles with state\u2010differential Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    activity, peaking during transitions from sleep to wakefulness. Using chemogenetic and optogenetic approaches, they find that activating PZ astrocytes elicited and sustained wakefulness by prolonging arousal episodes while impeding transitions from wakefulness to non\u2010rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Activation of PZ astrocytes specially induced the elevation of extracellular adenosine through the ATP hydrolysis pathway but not equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) mediated transportation. Strikingly, the rise in adenosine levels induced arousal by activating A\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors, suggesting a distinct role for adenosine in the PZ beyond its conventional sleep homeostasis modulation observed in the basal forebrain (BF) and cortex. Moreover, at the circuit level, PZ astrocyte activation induced arousal by suppressing the GABA release from the PZ\n                    <jats:sup>GABA<\/jats:sup>\n                    neurons, which promote NREM sleep and project to the parabrachial nucleus (PB). Thus, their study unveils a distinctive arousal\u2010promoting effect of astrocytes within the PZ through extracellular adenosine and elucidates the underlying mechanism at the neural circuit level.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T05:58:45Z","timestamp":1730699925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Adenosine\u2010Dependent Arousal Induced by Astrocytes in a Brainstem Circuit"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou 310058 China"},{"name":"Liangzhu Laboratory MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science &amp; Brain\u2010Machine Integration State Key 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