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Interestingly however, most advanced teleost fish do not possess osteocyte\u2010mediated porosity, prompting intriguing questions about alternative material\u2010strategies for these bones to cope with damage. Using advanced imaging techniques, including phase\u2010contrast enhanced (PCE) microtomography (\u00b5CT) and nanotomography (nanoCT), X\u2010ray fluorescence (XRF), and diffraction (XRD) tomography, the micro\u2010 and nano\u2010architectures of osteocytic zebrafish are compared with anosteocytic medaka fishbone. PCE \u00b5CT and Zernike phase\u2010contrast nanoCT showed a lack of porosity in medaka bone and 0.75 \u2013 2.26% osteocytic porosity in zebrafish. Both fish species have similar mineralized collagen fibril arrangements containing calcium (Ca) and traces of strontium (Sr) with increased zinc (Zn) localized on the outer bone regions. Medaka bones exhibit reduced apatite nanocrystal lattice spacings on the outer surfaces. Indeed we find higher compressive residual strains (\u20100.100 \u00b1 0.02) compared to zebrafish (\u20100.071 \u00b1 0.03). We propose that medaka bone evolved to replace the mechanosensitive osteocytic network by entrapping protective residual strains between collagen nanofibers and mineral crystals. These strains may enhance fracture toughness while making this nanocomposite well\u2010suited for sustaining repeated loading cycles, thus reducing the metabolic costs associated with housing a large network of\u00a0cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202410617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T06:34:07Z","timestamp":1744353247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nanocrystal Compressive Residual Stresses: A Strategy to Strengthen the Bony Spines of Osteocytic and Anosteocytic Fish"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andreia","family":"Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Restorative Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry Charit\u00e9\u2010Universitaetsmedizin  14197 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Davydok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Physics Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Hereon  21502 Geesthacht Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Krywka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Physics Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Hereon  21502 Geesthacht Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Scheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synchrotron SOLEIL  Saint\u2010Aubin 91190 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0374-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timm","family":"Weitkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synchrotron SOLEIL  Saint\u2010Aubin 91190 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Fleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fachgebiet Werkstofftechnik\/Chair of Materials Science &amp; Engineering Institute of Materials Science and Technology Faculty III \u2010 Process Sciences Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin  10623 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Shahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Robert H. 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