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Approximately 10\u201315% of infections result in neuroborreliosis, common symptoms of which include headaches, facial palsy, and long\u2010term cognitive impairment. Previous studies of\n                    <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    dissemination focus on assessing\n                    <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmigration at static time points rather than analyzing the complex dynamic process of extravasation. Furthermore, current in vitro models lack crucial physiological factors such as flow, demonstrating a need for more robust models for studying\n                    <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    dissemination to understand its dynamics and mechanisms. Here, a 3D tissue\u2010engineered microvessel model is used and fluorescently\u2010labeled\n                    <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    is perfused to model vascular dissemination in non\u2010tissue\u2010specific (iEC) and brain\u2010specific (iBMEC) microvessels while acquiring time\u2010lapse images in real time. In iECs, extravasation involves two steps: adhesion to the endothelium and transmigration into the extracellular matrix, which can be modulated through glycocalyx degradation or inflammation. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    extravasation in iBMECs is an extremely rare event regardless of glycocalyx degradation or inflammation. In addition, circulating\n                    <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    do not induce endothelial activation in iECs or iBMECs, but induces barrier dysfunction in iECs. These findings provide a further understanding of\n                    <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    vascular dissemination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202413199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T07:50:08Z","timestamp":1741765808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extravasation of\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    Across the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier is an Extremely Rare Event"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Linus","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanobiotechnology Johns Hopkins University  3400 N Charles St Baltimore MD 21218 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University  3400 N Charles St Baltimore MD 21218 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