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Thirty\u2010six BC\u2010PDOs are generated from 56 patients and demonstrated that the BC\u2010PDOs can replicate the histological and genomic features of parental tumors. Drug screening tests are conducted with a broad spectrum of conventional chemotherapeutic and targeted therapy drugs and identified differential drug sensitivities among the BC\u2010PDOs. These in vitro results are consistently supported by the PDO xenograft animal studies and patients\u2019 clinical treatment outcomes, thereby verifying the predictive power of PDOs for drug responses in BC patients. By analyzing the genetic profiles of the PDOs, specific driver genes that correlate with drug sensitivity to two stand\u2010of\u2010care chemotherapeutics, cisplatin, and gemcitabine, are identified. Additionally, the practicality of PDOs in investigating the tumor microenvironment has been demonstrated. This study underscores the utility of PDOs in advancing the understanding of bladder cancer and the development of personalized therapeutic strategies. The BC\u2010PDOs biobank provides an ideal preclinical platform for supporting the development of personalized treatment strategies for BC patients. This study also provides insights into the potential mechanisms of drug resistance, paves the way for subsequent region\u2010specific research, and demonstrates the possibility of using PDO\u2010related models to direct future research in developing drugs targeting tumor microenvironments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202414558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T05:33:47Z","timestamp":1739252027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Patient\u2010Derived Bladder Cancer Organoids as a Valuable Tool for Understanding Tumor Biology and Developing Personalized\u00a0Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2414-1484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongda","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S.H. 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