{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:18:32Z","timestamp":1792811912779,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431B2024\/31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431B2024\/31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431F2021\/05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431F2021\/05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED481A2021\/364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A2021\/364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED481A2021\/318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A2021\/318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Halide perovskites have emerged at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photovoltaic and light\u2010emitting devices. However, long\u2010term stability and toxicity are the major barriers to their commercialization. In particular, the toxicity of lead (Pb) and its environmental impact have prompted the exploration of lead\u2010free alternatives like tin (Sn) and bismuth (Bi). Herein, a cytotoxicity study of Pb\u2010based perovskite (CsPbBr\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CsPbI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and a lead\u2010free Cs\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    AgBiBr\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanocrystals in lung and liver cell lines and in blood cells are reported, revealing that both Pb and Bi exhibit mitogenic effects and oxidative stress in liver cells, cytotoxicity in pulmonary cells and a dose\u2010dependent hemolytic effect, raising concerns about their potential pulmonary\u2010hepato\u2010hemotoxicity. The zebrafish embryo tests reveal SnBr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    displays a notably safer environmental impact profile at elevated concentrations, while Pb and Bi exhibit dose\u2010dependent toxicity. This study provides compelling evidence that Sn compounds demonstrate a safer toxicity profile in both human cells and aquatic organisms under the studied conditions, supporting their potential as a more environmentally friendly alternative. In contrast, Bi compounds exhibit a toxicity profile similar to Pb perovskites, warranting caution in its use as a substitute. These findings guide future research and regulatory efforts in the safety and sustainability of perovskite nanocrystals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202415574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T04:59:19Z","timestamp":1739249959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["The Toxicity of Lead and Lead\u2010Free Perovskite Precursors and Nanocrystals to Human Cells and Aquatic Organisms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Immacolata","family":"Maietta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CINBIO Grupo Inmunolog\u00eda Universidade de Vigo  Vigo 36310 Spain"},{"name":"Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases and Immune Disorders Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS\u2010UVIGO  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Otero\u2010Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINBIO Materials Chemistry and Physics Group Universidade de Vigo  Campus universitario Vigo 36310 Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry CINBIO Campus Universitario As Lagoas\u2010Marcosende Universidade de Vigo  Vigo 36310 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabela","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Genetics and Physical Anthropology Faculty of Veterinary Science Universidade de Santiago de Compostela  Lugo 27002 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Genetics and Physical Anthropology Faculty of Veterinary Science Universidade de Santiago de Compostela  Lugo 27002 Spain"},{"name":"Preclinical Animal Models Group Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, (IDIS)  Santiago de Compostela Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1frica","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINBIO Grupo Inmunolog\u00eda Universidade de Vigo  Vigo 36310 Spain"},{"name":"Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases and Immune Disorders Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS\u2010UVIGO  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0338-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshminarayana","family":"Polavarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINBIO Materials Chemistry and Physics Group Universidade de Vigo  Campus universitario Vigo 36310 Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry CINBIO Campus Universitario As Lagoas\u2010Marcosende Universidade de Vigo  Vigo 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