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Inspired by concrete rebar structure, a biomimetic cartilage named \u201cbiological reinforced concrete\u201d is fabricated, with collagen fiber orientation transitioning from parallel to perpendicular, replicating the ECM microenvironments and complex construct of NAC. 3D\u2010printed ultrafine fiber networks (UFNs) served as a degradable \u201cbiorebars\u201d, while a hybrid biohydrogel acted as \u201cbiocement\u201d. The stem cells are utilized as \u201cbioactive aggregates\u201d. The biocement is developed by combining and screening various biohydrogels to mimic an ECM microenvironment conducive to the formation of NAC. By adjusting the fiber scale and spacing of the UFNs, the mechanical properties of the biomimetic cartilages are controlled to resemble those of NAC. Additionally, the UFNs guided the directed growth of cells and the orderly secretion of ECM. Subsequently, the developed BCCs are implanted into an osteochondral defect, and after 4 months, they successfully reconstructed the complex structure of cartilage with mechanical properties closely resembling those of NAC. The biological reinforced concrete offers a customizable and universal strategy for tissue regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202416734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T12:07:57Z","timestamp":1741694877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Biological Reinforced Concrete for Cartilage Repair With 3D Printing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuewei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Guizhou University  Guiyang 550025 China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems &amp; Liangzhu Laboratory School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 310027 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, School of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310000 China"},{"name":"Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province  Hangzhou 310000 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongfei","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Guizhou Institute of Technology  Guiyang 550003 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, School of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310000 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University  Guiyang Guizhou 550002 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binhong","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310000 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems &amp; 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