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To achieve this, these auditory pathways combine information from multiple acoustic cues, including interaural time and interaural level differences (ITDs and ILDs). Patients relying on cochlear implants (CIs) to hear the world do not match normal performance. These deficits are most pronounced in patients with little or no hearing experience early in life, and they appear to result from impaired sensitivity to ITDs, but not to ILDs. However, little is known about how ITD and ILD sensitivities develop and interact in an early deafened auditory system shortly after CI implantation. Neonatally deafened rats were fitted with bilateral CIs, and, providing informative ITDs and ILDs from stimulation onset, were trained to lateralize CI stimuli. These animals are exquisitely sensitive to both ILDs and ITDs of CI stimulus pulses, and combined information from both cues in a weighted sum. Importantly, ITDs are weighted heavily in the CI rats, such that only very modest ITDs pointing in one direction can confound quite large ILDs pointing in the opposite direction. This underlines the importance of informative ITDs for maximizing the potential for spatial hearing with CI devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T14:22:33Z","timestamp":1763130153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interactions of Interaural Time and Level Differences in Spatial Hearing with Cochlear Implants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1116-7343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiological Research Laboratory Section for Experimental and Clinical Otology Department of Otorhinolaryngology Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine  Killianstr. 5 79106 Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Arndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Experimental and Clinical Otology Department of Otorhinolaryngology Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine  79106 Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-0057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan W. 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