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Here, soil health responses to eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    are evaluated using the two longest\u2010running rice free\u2010air CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    enrichment experiments, spanning 12 and 15 years. The results show that long\u2010term eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    significantly improves soil health, strengthening its capacity to support crop production, water purification, and climate change mitigation. Integration of global observations further indicates that these improvements are widespread and cumulative over time, with paddy soils benefiting more than other terrestrial ecosystems. Consequently, long\u2010term eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure tends to enhance rice yield gains, in contrast to the productivity plateau observed in natural ecosystems. These findings provide novel and comprehensive evidence that long\u2010term eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    enhances paddy soil health, improving soil multifunctionality and reinforcing the rice CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    fertilization effect.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202503190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T05:21:05Z","timestamp":1765171265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long\u2010Term Elevated CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Improves Soil Health and Rice Yields in Paddy Fields"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2636-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water 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