{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:12:11Z","timestamp":1789665131539,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M24N9b0119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M24N9b0119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Defecation, a fundamental physiological process, remains underexplored despite its importance in human health. To address this gap, a smart toilet system is developed that enables real\u2010time monitoring of defecation behaviors. Analyzing 45 defecation events from 11 participants, key defecation parameters are identified, including stool dropping duration, stool thickness, and eu\u2010tenesmus interval. Stool dropping duration follows a log\u2010normal distribution, with longer durations (&gt;5\u00a0s) linked to lower Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) scores, suggesting constipation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.008 for BSFS1\/2\/3\u00a0vs BSFS5\/6\/7). Stool thickness decreases with increasing BSFS scores (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a05\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u207b\u2076 for BSFS1\/2\/3\u00a0vs BSFS5\/6\/7), validating its role as an objective marker for bowel function. Eu\u2010tenesmus is introduced, defined as the interval between the last stool drop and cleansing, averaging 74.8 s. It shows significant gender differences (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.014) but no correlation with stool consistency, suggesting its potential as an independent biomarker for gut health. Defecation behaviors between humans and animals is also compared in detail. Longitudinal monitoring demonstrates the potential for personalized health tracking and dietary recommendations. Furthermore, the feasibility of biometric identification is established using 11 defecation\u2010related parameters, including stool properties and cleansing behavior. These features enable high participant differentiation, supporting non\u2010invasive identity verification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202503247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T07:00:51Z","timestamp":1746946851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["AI\u2010Driven Defecation Analysis by Smart Healthcare Toilet: Exploring Biometric Patterns and Eu\u2010Tenesmus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5346-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiquan","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Nanyang Technological University  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TaeHyung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daeyoun D.","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seokjeong Wellpark Hospital  Jeollabuk\u2010do Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Kanaria Health  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk Soon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter G.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Department of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Sonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Department of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Rogalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Department of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Department of Pediatrics Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan Kuang","family":"Ziyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Tan Tock Seng Hospital  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunny Hei","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Tan Tock Seng Hospital  Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong Hyun","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soh","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2123-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung\u2010min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Nanyang Technological University  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00462-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00528-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0287-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00892-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.agast972120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328515"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao3612"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe5383"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abk3489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Gastrointestinal Pharmacology. 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