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However, design challenges remain, including miniaturization, low cost, stability, and low power consumption. Current commercial products\u00a0are expensive ($3,000 to $8,000 USD), and bulky, typically exceeding 100 cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Here, a closed\u2010loop bioelectronic artificial pancreas patch is presented for continuous blood glucose regulation in diabetic rats and pigs. By designing transiently dissolvable microneedle arrays incorporated with microtube arrays, insulin is efficiently delivered into interstitial fluid, eliminating the need for an external long needle. Leveraging multi\u2010layer sensing electrodes, Ag\/Ag\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O glass\u2010fiber pumping electrodes, and a polyethylene\u2010glycol (PEG) functionalized polycarbonate membrane, the closed\u2010loop artificial pancreas patch demonstrates highly stable sensing and pumping with low power consumption (only 0.422 mW), enabling long\u2010term continuous operation to regulate blood glucose. In particular, diabetic pigs are operated on for 3 consecutive days, showing steady blood glucose control with a time in range (3.9\u201310.0 m\n                    <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                    ) of \u224867.98%, comparable to a commercial closed\u2010loop system at \u224874.95%. The total volume of the entire system is \u22482 cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and the cost is \u2248$10. This method opens up promising avenues for the development and application of wearable devices to manage diabetes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202503536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T10:42:58Z","timestamp":1758019378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Closed\u2010Loop Bioelectronic Artificial Pancreas Patch for Continuous Monitoring and Regulation of Blood Glucose in Diabetic Rats and Pigs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University  Beijing 100871 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University  Beijing 100871 P. R. 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