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Furthermore, current clinical treatments primarily focus on pulmonary vasodilation, but do not fundamentally address vascular remodeling itself. Here, first significant changes in neutrophils during the development of PH are demonstrated and show that neutrophil depletion can effectively attenuate disease progression. Moreover, the data show that neutrophil\u2010derived S100A9 is the key mediator to promote vascular remodeling, while both knockout and inhibition of S100A9 can prevent PH. In a co\u2010culture system of neutrophils and endothelial cells (ECs), hypoxic stimulation leads to increased S100A9 secretion by neutrophils, which activates the RAGE\/PI3K\/AKT pathway and causes dysfunction of ECs. These findings suggest that neutrophil\u2010derived S100A9 mediated neutrophil\u2010EC crosstalk plays an important role in pulmonary vascular remodeling, providing a promising strategy for treatment of PH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T11:08:22Z","timestamp":1749726502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neutrophil\u2013Endothelium Interaction Mediated by S100A9 Promotes Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling During Pulmonary Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4883-6144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Capital Medical University  Beijing 100069 China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Capital Medical University  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