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Using mice with controlled VitD levels from weaning through adulthood, it is demonstrated that VitD regulates olfactory function through vitamin D receptors (VDR). Deficiency impairs odor discrimination, whereas supplementation enhances sensitivity\u2014phenotypes recapitulated by olfactory\u2010specific VDR knockdown. Single\u2010nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA\u2010seq) and spatial transcriptomics reveal enriched VDR expression selectively in olfactory bulb tufted cells, where VitD signaling mediates dendrodendritic synaptic remodeling via both transcriptional and translational mechanisms in a VDR\u2010dependent manner. Notably, VitD modulates synaptic protein expression partly through mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, and rapamycin treatment restores translational homeostasis and olfactory function in VitD\u2010deficient mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP\u2010seq) confirms direct VDR binding to genes encoding synaptic proteins and translational machinery components, including mTOR pathway effectors. Together, these results identify a novel VDR\u2010mTOR\u2010translational regulatory axis that operates alongside classical transcriptional regulation, establishing VitD as a diet\u2010sensitive neuromodulator that links nutritional status to synaptic function and sensory processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202507181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:30:48Z","timestamp":1765881048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin D Regulates Olfactory Function via Dual Transcriptional and mTOR\u2010Dependent Translational Control of Synaptic Proteins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center School of Pediatrics Hainan Medical University Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences Haikou 571199 China"},{"name":"Sir Run Run 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