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I\u2010CXL employs a small electric current to enhance the corneal penetration of riboflavin 5\u2032\u2010phosphate sodium (RF), avoiding the de\u2010epithelialization side effects associated with conventional CXL (C\u2010CXL). However, I\u2010CXL is less effective than C\u2010CXL due to insufficient RF surface charge hindering iontophoresis response and absorption efficiency, as well as inadequate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the corneal stroma. This work reports the development of an innovative composite photosensitizer (NS\u2010CQDs\u2010RF), utilizing N, S co\u2010doped carbon quantum dots (NS\u2010CQDs) as nanocarriers, to overcome the bottlenecks facing I\u2010CXL. Experimental results show that the as\u2010synthesized NS\u2010CQDs\u2010RF composites exhibit a remarkable electric field response, enhanced RF corneal permeability, high ROS production efficiency, and excellent biocompatibility. Notably, I\u2010CXL incorporating NS\u2010CQDs\u2010RF significantly improves corneal biomechanical stability, outperforming C\u2010CXL while reducing total UVA irradiation energy without compromising efficacy. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the optimized electronic structure and favorable energetics between NS\u2010CQDs and RF drive efficient charge transfer, amplifying ROS generation. These findings highlight the superiority of the NS\u2010CQDs\u2010RF composite photosensitizers in I\u2010CXL, offering a novel strategy for future keratoconus treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202510396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:40:46Z","timestamp":1778010046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["N, S Co\u2010Doped Carbon Quantum Dots\u2010Riboflavin Composite Photosensitizers for Enhanced Iontophoresis\u2010Assisted Corneal Cross\u2010Linking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tinghong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ophthalmology and Optometry School of Biomedical Engineering Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic Technology for Ophthalmic Devices (NOTOD) National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and 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