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However, the specific conditions under which it becomes pathogenic, as well as the mechanisms underlying its pathogenicity remain unknown. In this study, it is found that a sub\u2010cytotoxic dose of T\u20102 toxin in piglet and mouse models promotes the proliferation of intestinal\n                    <jats:italic>S. saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and facilitates its translocation to the liver. Subsequent mechanistic investigations reveal that the translocated bacterium activates the nucleotide\u2010binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)\u2010microtubule\u2010associated protein 1 light chain 3 and NOD2\u2010C\u2010C motif chemokine ligand 2 signaling pathways in Kupffer cells (KCs), thereby provoking autophagy in KCs and recruiting monocytes to the liver, alongside the M1 polarization of hepatic macrophages. Furthermore, modulation of the intestinal microbiota by xylo\u2010oligosaccharides, as opposed to antibacterial agents, effectively mitigates the disruption of hepatic macrophage homeostasis. This work shows, for the first time, the pivotal role of\n                    <jats:italic>S. saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in mycotoxin\u2010induced impairment of liver immune function. It reveals the interaction between opportunistic pathogens, environmental toxins, and immune homeostasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202512828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T11:37:56Z","timestamp":1757158676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["T\u20102 Toxin Exploits Gut\u2010Derived\n                    <i>Staphylococcus Saprophyticus<\/i>\n                    to Disrupt Hepatic Macrophage Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care College of Veterinary Medicine Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha 410128 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care College of Veterinary Medicine Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha 410128 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangrui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care College of Veterinary Medicine Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha 410128 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care College of Veterinary Medicine Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha 410128 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care College of Veterinary Medicine Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha 410128 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiurong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care College of Veterinary Medicine Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha 410128 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care College of Veterinary Medicine Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha 410128 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care College of Veterinary Medicine Hunan Agricultural University  Changsha 410128 China"},{"name":"Changsha Lvye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.  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