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A unique group of apparently healthy individuals from Greece, who alternate between omnivory and restriction of animal products for religious reasons (periodically restricted group,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 200), has been profiled. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, plasma metabolomics, and proteomics, the impact of three\u2010to\u2010four weeks of dietary restriction on gut microbiome composition and function is assessed and associations with host plasma biology are explored. Findings are compared to a continuously omnivorous group profiled in parallel (non\u2010restricted group,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 211). Animal product restriction reduced microbial diversity, primarily affecting rare taxa, and altered the abundance of nearly one\u2010third of bacterial genera. Inferred functional shifts included downregulation of pathways contributing to cholesterol biosynthesis and purine degradation, alongside upregulation of vitamin B2 and tryptophan biosynthesis, suggesting compensatory microbial responses to dietary nutrient depletion. Multi\u2010omics integration revealed four microbial\u2010metabolite\u2010protein clusters, including a diet\u2010responsive module associating\n                    <jats:italic>Negativibacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    with metabolic regulator FGF21 and intermediate\u2010density lipoproteins. These findings demonstrate rapid adaptive plasticity of the human gut microbiome in response to short\u2010term dietary restriction and highlight candidate microbial and molecular pathways associated with animal product restriction and host biology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202515575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1772957589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rapid Remodeling of the Human Gut Microbiome in Response to Short\u2010Term Animal Product Restriction and Associations with Host Molecular Phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2421-2181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Emmanouil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioinnovation Biomedical Sciences Research Center \u02bbAlexander 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