{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T17:46:50Z","timestamp":1791740810575,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003973","name":"Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003973","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1871\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1871\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2074\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2074\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2630\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2630\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3777\/25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3777\/25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1698\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1698\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006221","name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015694"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006221","name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006221","name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The bell\u2010like ringdown of the gravitational field in the final stage of massive black\u2010hole mergers is now routinely detected on Earth by the latest generation of gravitational\u2010wave detectors. Its spectrum is interpreted as a sum of damped sinusoidal vibrations of spacetime in the vicinity of the black hole. These so\u2010called quasinormal modes are the subject of extensive current studies, yet their physical nature remains elusive. Here, we emulate in the laboratory genuine four\u2010dimensional (3+1)D black\u2010hole metrics using an effective (2+1)D optical metric defined on a two\u2010dimensional curved surface that preserves the features of light\u2010like geodesics. We analytically compute the quasinormal modes of the optical cavity and show that, in addition to conventional whispering\u2010gallery modes (WGMs) supported near the cavity boundary, a new family of modes is confined around the photon sphere, the unstable region where spacetime curvature traps light in circular orbits. By 3D\u2010printing non\u2010Euclidean dye\u2010doped microcavities, we demonstrate lasing in both WGMs and photon\u2010sphere modes, with the latter exhibiting spatial profiles in close agreement with analytical predictions. These results place our system within the broader framework of analogue\u2010gravity experiments, providing a complementary photonic platform to investigate black\u2010hole photon\u2010sphere physics under tabletop conditions and inspiring new approaches to microcavity\u00a0photonics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202517466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:11:15Z","timestamp":1773015075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Photon\u2010Sphere Modes in Curved Optical Microcavities: A Black\u2010Hole Analogue Laser"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chenni","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The Jack and Pearl Resnick Institute for Advanced Technology Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aswathy","family":"Sundaresan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The Jack and Pearl Resnick Institute for Advanced Technology Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazire\u2010Beg\u00fcm","family":"Kazkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies Palaiseau France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Lafargue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Lumi\u00e8re, Mati\u00e8re et Interfaces (LuMIn) CNRS, ENS Paris\u2010Saclay Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay, CentraleSup\u00e9lec Gif\u2010sur\u2010Yvette France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lior","family":"Zarfaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The Jack and Pearl Resnick Institute for Advanced Technology Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ofek","family":"Birnholtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The Jack and Pearl Resnick Institute for Advanced Technology Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Decanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies Palaiseau France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Lebental","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies Palaiseau France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Sebbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The Jack and Pearl Resnick Institute for Advanced Technology Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan 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of Accelerating Wave Packets in Curved Space","volume":"12","author":"Patsyk A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physical Review 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Curvature: An Introduction to Einstein's Theory","author":"Frankel T.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","volume-title":"General Relativity and Relativistic Astrophysics","author":"Straumann N.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","unstructured":"Other shapes of the upper boundary can be further explored. For example a non\u2010parallel upper boundary can mitigate the lasing in WGMs."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"The event horizon of Schwarzschild BH is located at\u03c1=rs$\\rho =r_{s}$ which is an artificial singularity of equation (2) and thus not accessible. Inside the event horizon the velocity required to escape the BH exceeds the speed of light and therefore is out of our consideration. In this work we take the lower boundary at\u03c1=1.125rs$\\rho =1.125r_{s}$ as 2D surfaces of revolution cannot be constructed at\u03c1\u2208rs 1.125rs$\\rho \\in \\left[ r_{s} 1.125r_{s}\\right]$(see Supplementary Information Section II for the method of constructing curved surfaces from a given metric)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198570899.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3069-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","unstructured":"A. K.Ghatak R. L.Gallawa andI. C.Goyal \u201cModified Airy Function and WKB Solutions to the Wave Equation \u201dNational Institute of Standards and Technology(January 1 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.7.1788"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","unstructured":"In practice two other WGM families are identified numerically which are located at the inner boundary. Because of the absence of perfectly matched layer in the Center Q factors of these modes are not accurate. Thus these modes are not shown. For more details see Supp. Info. Figure S2."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218271823420142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2112052119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.014505"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","unstructured":"Indeed absorption from PML results in the non\u2010vanishing width\u0394\u03c9$\\Delta \\omega$of spectral peaks. This Information was not accessible through the theoretical method as details about the modes of the truncated Schwarzschild surface could Not be bxtracted Solely From the Modes of the Universe."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys2939"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.11.031003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.128.211102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/Physics.14.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.129.111102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.131.221402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.DestounisandF.Duque \u201cBlack\u2010Hole Spectroscopy: Quasinormal Modes Ringdown Stability and the Pseudospectrum \u201d arXiv: 2308.16227 (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-55098-0_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.79.064016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41114-019-0020-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.76.084007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.130.081401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.130.081402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/13\/10\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.103.104017"}],"container-title":["Advanced Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.202517466","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/advs.202517466","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.202517466","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T17:34:42Z","timestamp":1791740082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.202517466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"28","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/advs.202517466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202517466","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-3844","2198-3844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-3844","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-3844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e17466"}}