{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:01:08Z","timestamp":1792789268425,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"46","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Timely and accurate diagnosis of respiratory infections is complicated by the symptomatic overlap between highly transmissible pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A (IAV), and influenza B (IBV), highlighting the need for rapid and reliable diagnostics. Here, we report a time\u2010multiplexed nanobody\u2010functionalized organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensor for the sensitive detection of RSV, IAV, and IBV directly from unprocessed saliva samples. The platform integrates arrays of nanobody\u2010functionalized gate electrodes that are exposed in parallel to a single sample and sequentially addressed through a shared transistor channel. We characterize nine previously reported nanobodies and immobilize the best\u2010performing ones using an oriented\n                    <jats:italic>SpyDirect<\/jats:italic>\n                    self\u2010assembly strategy. The nanobody\u2010functionalized gate electrodes are paired with a high\u2010performance p\u2010type organic mixed ionic\u2010electronic conductor channel, enabling efficient signal transduction. The sensor achieves a limit of detection of ca. 1\u00a0f\n                    <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                    and identifies viral targets within 15 min, without sample preprocessing. In a clinical validation using 17 samples, the platform demonstrated 100% specificity, 86.7% sensitivity, and 88.2% overall accuracy. By combining highly specific nanobodies, a high\u2010gain transducer, customized surface pre\u2010treatment, and a time\u2010multiplexed multi\u2010gate architecture, this approach provides a scalable and user\u2010friendly platform for point\u2010of\u2010care virus detection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202519839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:22:29Z","timestamp":1779200549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Time\u2010Multiplexed Organic Electrochemical Transistor for Saliva\u2010Based Rapid Detection of Viral Proteins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6614-1538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianrui","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory Biomedical Sciences Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST Center of Excellence for Smart Health (KCSH) Biomedical Sciences Division KAUST Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3059-4503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shofarul","family":"Wustoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory Biomedical Sciences Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8438-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atheer","family":"Alqatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST Center of Excellence for Smart Health (KCSH) Biomedical Sciences Division KAUST Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1926-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel","family":"Hama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory Biomedical Sciences Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0615-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory Biomedical Sciences Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging and Characterization Core Laboratories KAUST  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Parrado","family":"Agudelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory Biomedical Sciences Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7484-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Salvigni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory Biomedical Sciences Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory Biomedical Sciences Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9893-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital &amp; Research Centre \u2013 Jeddah Branch | KFSHRC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine Al Faisal University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5278-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan T.","family":"Arold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST Center of Excellence for Smart Health (KCSH) Biomedical Sciences Division KAUST Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9532-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raik","family":"Gr\u00fcnberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST Center of Excellence for Smart Health (KCSH) Biomedical Sciences Division KAUST Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1166-1512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahika","family":"Inal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory Biomedical Sciences Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256\u2010023\u201004187\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12972"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201013562\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010023\u201000919\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010018\u20100002\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Influenza (Seasonal) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/influenza\u2010(seasonal)(2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(22)00478\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.Arnaout R. A.Lee G. R.Lee et\u00a0al. \u201cSARS\u2010CoV2 Testing: The Limit of Detection Matters \u201dBioRxiv(2020): 2020.02006.2002.131144 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.06.02.131144.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.02.131144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201097489\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010156\u20107\u2010201204030\u201000403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202308952"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202305347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010024\u201000180\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201037402\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703787"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09893"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010021\u201000734\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274\u2010021\u20103856\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2023.340860"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201900410"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699\u2010025\u201000547\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg8387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0620"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00842\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022\u20101317\u201072\u201012\u20103095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201052258\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TC03110A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201050792\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010019\u20100556\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01337937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00258a724"}],"container-title":["Advanced Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.202519839","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/advs.202519839","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.202519839","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:15:49Z","timestamp":1786986949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.202519839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"46","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/advs.202519839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202519839","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-3844","2198-3844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-3844","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-3844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e19839"}}