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Here, we develop a clinically oriented, patient\u2010derived, 3D bioprinted in vitro model for personalized drug sensitivity assessment in ICC. Using a compositionally defined and cost\u2010effective GelMA\/HAMA composite hydrogel, we reconstruct a tumor microenvironment that supports rapid self\u2010organization and sustained viability of primary ICC cells. Histological analyses, marker expression profiling, and bright\u2010field imaging demonstrate close similarity to matched patient tumor tissues. Genomic and transcriptomic fidelity are further confirmed by whole\u2010exome and RNA sequencing, revealing preserved driver mutations and transcriptional programs. Drug sensitivity testing was performed on tumor samples from 21 ICC patients using clinically relevant agents. Notably, in patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy, in vitro drug responses were fully consistent with clinical outcomes. Longitudinal follow\u2010up further showed that recurrence occurred exclusively in patients who did not receive the predicted sensitive therapies. Importantly, clinically actionable drug response profiles were generated within 10 days. Collectively, this platform provides a rapid, reproducible, and patient\u2010specific functional drug testing strategy with strong potential for clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202522025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T16:07:06Z","timestamp":1770566826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Patient\u2010Derived 3D\u2010Bioprinted Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Models Recapitulate Tumor Autologous Traits and Predict Personalized Adjuvant Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuce","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingchang","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangze","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) &amp; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Center National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing P. 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