{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:32:04Z","timestamp":1790357524449,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52272234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52272234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hydrogels are widely applied in various fields, including energy storage and flexible electronics. However, their mechanical properties often fail to meet the requirements for long\u2010term and repeated deformation and full recovery. Achieving simultaneous improvement in the strength, toughness, and elasticity of hydrogels remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a nanoconfined polymerization strategy within the well\u2010designed, fully delaminated nanoscale covalent organic frameworks (nCOFs) that overcomes these trade\u2010offs. This approach yields hydrogels with an order increase in strength (from 0.3 to 3.2\u00a0MPa), a two orders enhancement in toughness (from 7.5 to 186\u00a0MJ\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and fracture energy (from 0.8 to 14.7\u00a0kJ m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and a very low\u2010hysteresis (\u223c93% energy recovery) recoverable deformation even after 2000% strain in the 100 cycles. The dense entanglements provide high strength and toughness, and nanochannel\u2010threaded crosslinking enables large elastic deformation. Furthermore, their robust architecture affords a fivefold improvement in puncture resistance, enabling application as dendrite\u2010inhibiting and durable quasi\u2010solid\u2010state Zn\u2010ion electrolytes. This bottom\u2010up toughening strategy based on the nano\u2010reactor nCOF structural design could guide the development of next\u2010generation tough hydrogels for applications such as flexible energy devices and related fields.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202522523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:52:41Z","timestamp":1773910361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nanoscale Covalent Organic Framework Confinement Enables Ultratough and Hyperelastic Hydrogels Applied as High\u2010Performance Electrolytes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7377-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiyao","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yedong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binting","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hantao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8200-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaobin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A\u2217STAR)  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202205326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804560"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202500031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202201326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00483-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.201900135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-022-00420-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg6320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-024-00672-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz6694"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2689"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38280-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202210395"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45485-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma060568d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma062924y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giant.2023.100224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202207348"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh3632"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202108243"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7030091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-021-00302-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg3229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00054C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-025-02146-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-023-01697-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01027H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00908D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202410097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202412643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00017E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SC00289H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50839-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b12389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c13237"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202314650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c02666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-021-00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b18796"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201601742"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201600466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09351-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202103117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50364-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b01208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c06502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2022.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202318928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202312020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202406511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CS00409D"}],"container-title":["Advanced Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.202522523","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/advs.202522523","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.202522523","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:24:03Z","timestamp":1781533443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.202522523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/advs.202522523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202522523","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-3844","2198-3844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-3844","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-3844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e22523"}}