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Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs), as zero\u2010dimensional carbon\u2010based materials with quantum confinement effects and tunable band structures, have shown significant potential in building next\u2010generation ultra\u2010low\u2010power, large\u2010scale integrated neuromorphic devices. This review systematically summarizes the main preparation strategies of graphene\u2010based QDs and their structural regulation and functionalization methods. It focuses on the core functions of graphene\u2010based QDs in synaptic working mechanisms such as charge capture, ion migration, and optoelectronic cooperation, as well as their latest progress in non\u2010volatile memories, electrical and optoelectronic artificial synapses, and neuromorphic systems. 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