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Here, we advance the fundamental understanding of NPDs by showing that an ultra\u2010dense (\u223c10\n                    <jats:sup>25<\/jats:sup>\n                    m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) electron sheet, confined within \u223c10\u00a0nm above the substrate surface, drives the picosecond nano\u2010plasma switching through secondary electron emission avalanche (SEEA) on the substrate surface. This mechanism was validated by analytical theories, particle\u2010in\u2010cell simulations, and THz experiments, showing that a minimum electric field of \u223c10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0V\/m is required for SEEA initiation, which covers an \u223c100\u00a0nm gap within \u223c 0.1\u00a0ps, switches the NPD on via ionization avalanche within \u223c 1\u00a0ps, and produces a 0.4 THz signal with 2\u00a0W power. The switching speed increases with higher pressure. Model\u2010guided device optimization identified the high\u2010secondary\u2010emission\u2010yield substrates that favor THz generation, and defined the optimum nanogap length range that ensures both discharge initiation and emission within the THz range. This work demonstrates NPD as a feasible and scalable design for watt\u2010level, on\u2010chip THz generation, and suggests possible future integration with triboelectric nanogenerators as well as potential implications for vacuum nanoelectronic platforms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.75300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:15:09Z","timestamp":1776770109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High\u2010Power Terahertz Emission from Picosecond Nano\u2010Plasma Switching Driven by Secondary Electron Emission Avalanche"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6761-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Power and Wide\u2010band\u2010gap Electronics Research Laboratory (POWERlab) Institute of Electrical and Micro 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