{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:56:06Z","timestamp":1787943366684,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R345\u20102020\u20101440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R345\u20102020\u20101440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF24OC0092323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF24OC0092323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF20OC0064289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20OC0064289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF24OC0095407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF24OC0095407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008392","name":"Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1133\u201000016B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1133\u201000016B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>3D ice lithography (3DIL) is an emerging direct\u2010write technique that fabricates intricate 3D structures using frozen precursors. Here, we report the use of ethanol as a renewable and low\u2010toxicity precursor for 3DIL, intended for the first time for the fabrication of intricate porous microstructures for in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications. The first nanoindentation analysis of 3DIL materials reveals mechanical properties (Young's modulus 2\u20134\u00a0GPa) comparable to biocompatible polymers. TEM shows that the material is an amorphous carbon that undergoes controlled graphitization under annealing at very high temperatures (1300\u00b0C). Due to its chemical composition, mechanical properties, and stability in water, cross\u2010linked ethanol scaffolds support in vitro endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation with high confluency. Patterned neurostimulation electrodes implanted in mouse brains elicit no significant increase in astrocytic or microglial activation, indicating excellent in vivo biocompatibility. Additionally, we present for the first time the use of optically transparent substrates and the first patterning of neurostimulation electrodes using 3DIL. This study positions 3DIL using ethanol as a versatile, direct\u2010write technique using renewable precursors to produce novel microdevices in biomedical engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.75341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T08:53:23Z","timestamp":1777280003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Solid Ethanol as a Renewable, Low\u2010Toxicity, Electron\u2010Beam Direct Write, and Biomedical Material"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Perdig\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Universidade De Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2568-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingdong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwendoline A. E.","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lechan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Copenhagen University  K\u00f8benhavn N Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Copenhagen University  K\u00f8benhavn N Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Zebitz","family":"Eriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malte Alexander","family":"Sch\u00f6nhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Genelioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Lyngholm\u2010Kj\u00e6rby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Copenhagen University  K\u00f8benhavn N Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan Ulrik","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Bastos da Silva","family":"Fanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Willum","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Copenhagen University  K\u00f8benhavn N Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anpan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/49\/24\/243003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202214211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Three\u2010Dimensional Microfabrication Using Two\u2010Photon Polymerization","author":"Baldacchini T.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63647-0_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202407567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.213851"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2024.104114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202515237"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b04190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b03130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b19778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2025.104645"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mne.2023.100171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2007.01.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378\u2010021\u201000298\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mne.2021.100101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TC03689G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/978-0-7503-2608-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.2c05389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2003.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.740170508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50059a017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la8031122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/6.0000412"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c21052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01327"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00880a016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100845a038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp8010011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mne.2023.100177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engreg.2025.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mne.2019.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jmbm-2017-0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2023.213607"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c01265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c00378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"In Nanofabrication","author":"Han A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2024.102524"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40529-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786430701394041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.130316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.126562"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2024.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11090902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2024.2447934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b00545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.06.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.32904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MA00736G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378\u2010021\u201000275\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202416771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/accountsmr.3c00212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2370(85)80005-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-025-06357-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/930798"}],"container-title":["Advanced Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.75341","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/advs.75341","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/advs.75341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T07:52:24Z","timestamp":1787125944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/advs.75341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/advs.75341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.75341","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-3844","2198-3844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-3844","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-3844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e75341"}}