{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:36:31Z","timestamp":1786988191519,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"46","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007567","name":"City University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["StUp\/NI:9610762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["StUp\/NI:9610762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["524B200238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["524B200238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hexagonal close\u2010packed (HCP) metals such as titanium are widely used in aerospace applications, where simultaneously achieving high specific strength and fracture toughness is essential for operational safety. However, their intrinsically low symmetry crystal structures and the adverse effects of conventional toughening methods have long imposed a trade\u2010off between strength and fracture toughness. Here, we demonstrate that introducing pre\u2010engineered hierarchical twin networks endows commercial\u2010purity HCP titanium with an exceptional fracture toughness (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      K\n                      <jats:sub>JIc<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of \u223c187 MPa\u00b7m\n                    <jats:sup>1\/2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and a specific yield strength of 140 MPa\u00b7cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , its overall performance is superior to most titanium alloys and even some benchmark high\u2010toughness metals at room temperature. The activation and multiplication of &lt;c+a&gt; pyramidal dislocations, typically difficult in titanium, are remarkably promoted by the pre\u2010engineered high\u2010density twin network. The resultant profuse &lt;c+a&gt; and &lt;a&gt; dislocation activities substantially enhance crack\u2010tip plastic flow and suppress damage nucleation. This strategy is further validated in commercial\u2010purity HCP zirconium, achieving nearly a twofold improvement in both fracture toughness and yield strength. Our findings establish twin\u2010network engineering as a powerful microstructural design strategy for developing high\u2010performance HCP metals for safety\u2010critical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.75805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:27:26Z","timestamp":1779373646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hierarchical Twin Networks Enable Exceptional Strength and Fracture Toughness in Titanium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiao\u2010Wei","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong P. R. China"},{"name":"Center For Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale State Key Laboratory For Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"En","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alloy Innovation and Design State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7982-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei\u2010Zhong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale State Key Laboratory For Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Titanium (Engineering Materials and Processes)","author":"L\u00fctjering G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31399\/asm.tb.ttg2.9781627082693"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2012.10.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys","author":"Boyer R. 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