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Allergy is driven by dysregulated type 2 T\u2010helper cells (Th2) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody responses. A range of diagnostic tools is available, but most methods are limited by variable sensitivity and specificity, and the inability to predict clinical reactivity. Although allergen\u2010specific immunotherapy (AIT) remains the only etiological therapeutic method for allergic disorders, conventional AITs are limited by frequent administration, risk of adverse events, suboptimal patient adherence, and inconsistent long\u2010term efficacy. Advances in nanotechnology offer emerging opportunities for improving allergy diagnosis and treatment through enhanced analytical sensitivity, targeted allergen delivery and controlled immune modulation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research on nanomaterials, including their application in nanomaterials\u2010based diagnostic systems and nano\u2010enabled immunotherapies. We highlight their roles in improving allergen\u2010specific IgE detection, refining functional cellular assays, and enabling next\u2010generation immunotherapies through controlled allergen delivery and immunomodulation. We also critically examine key translational barriers and outline essential future directions required for translating nanotechnologies into clinical practice in allergy medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.76169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:04:33Z","timestamp":1782126273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nanomaterials for Allergy Diagnosis and Treatment: Advances, Opportunities and Translational Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Madiha","family":"Habib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce ZX","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CW","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HL","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicki YH","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick SC","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Clinical Immunology University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6469-1926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting F","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2570-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine YY","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20102600(25)00003\u20107"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"Asthma, Atopic Dermatitis, and Allergic Rhinitis in Pediatric Celiac Disease: A Case\u2010control Study","volume":"24","author":"Khalili M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1373110"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20102600(24)00383\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11090936"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"878","article-title":"Global Burden of Allergies: Mechanisms of Development","volume":"15","author":"Alska E.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment Life (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.118891"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14764"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2007.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010023\u201001344\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","volume-title":"Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease","author":"Janeway C. 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