{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:05:52Z","timestamp":1790244352716,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"53","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012331","name":"Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HBC.2023.0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBC.2023.0802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) lack therapies that induce durable, antigen\u2010specific immune tolerance. We investigated whether mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encoding disease\u2010relevant autoantigens could re\u2010establish immune homeostasis in preclinical models. While mRNA\u2010LNP microbial vaccines evoke strong effector immune responses, we show that both systemic and intramuscular delivery of MOG\n                    <jats:sub>27\u201063<\/jats:sub>\n                    mRNA\u2010loaded LNPs attenuated disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Antigen\u2010specific protection was similarly observed in a T1D adoptive transfer model. Therapeutic efficacy achieved using immunostimulatory LNPs challenges the current assumption that tolerogenic mRNA vaccines require immune\u2010silent LNPs. Furthermore, divergent outcomes between autoantigens and irrelevant antigens suggest that antigen identity determines whether mRNA\u2010LNPs promote immune tolerance or activation. Mechanistically, optimized LNPs efficiently targeted antigen\u2010presenting cells (APCs) in the liver and spleen. This promoted a homeostatic APC phenotype and a hyporesponsive CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell phenotype without inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). Therefore, autoantigen mRNA was co\u2010delivered with \u201cimmunoregulatory\u201d mRNAs encoding cytokines (IL\u20102 mutein) or chemokines (CCL1) known to enhance Treg expansion and recruitment. This co\u2010delivery further improved clinical outcomes in EAE. Together, these findings demonstrate that systemic and intramuscular treatment with mRNA\u2010LNPs encoding autoantigens alongside immunoregulatory molecules represents a promising strategy for antigen\u2010specific immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.76382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:20:51Z","timestamp":1783347651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autoantigen mRNA\u2010LNP Vaccination Drives Therapeutic Efficacy in Preclinical Models for Autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paulien","family":"Baeten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University MS Center Campus Diepenbeek Diepenbeek Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt University  Diepenbeek 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